Oceanic Niño Index Graphs and Charts
Maps from the Climate Prediction Center
AO Index | AMOC Index | ENSO | EPO Index | MEIv2 Index | NAO Index | PDO Index | PNA Index | QBO Index | Teleconnection Monthly Summary
1950's | 1960's | 1970's | 1980's | 1990's | 2000's | 2010's | 2020's
ENSO and Snowfall Earth | 1960's | 1970's | 1980's | 1990's | 2000's | 2010's | 2020's
Near the end of each calendar year ocean surface temperatures warm along the coasts of Ecuador and northern Peru. Local residents referred to this seasonal warming as "El Nino", meaning The Child, due to its appearance around the Christmas season. Every two to seven years a much stronger warming appears, which is often accompanied by beneficial rainfall in the arid coastal regions of these two countries. Over time the term "El Nino" began to be used in reference to these major warm episodes.
El Nino is closely related to a global atmospheric oscillation known as the Southern Oscillation (SO). During El Nino episodes lower than normal pressure is observed over the eastern tropical Pacific and higher than normal pressure is found over Indonesia and northern Australia. This pattern of pressure is associated with weaker than normal near-surface equatorial easterly (east-to-west) winds. These features characterize the warm phase of the SO, which is often referred to as an El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ONI) episode.
During warm (ONI) episodes the normal patterns of tropical precipitation and atmospheric circulation become disrupted. The abnormally warm waters in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific give rise to enhanced cloudiness and rainfall in that region, especially during the boreal winter and spring seasons. At the same time, rainfall is reduced over Indonesia, Malaysia and northern Australia. Thus, the normal Walker Circulation during winter and spring, which features rising air, cloudiness and rainfall over the region of Indonesia and the western Pacific, and sinking air over the equatorial eastern Pacific, becomes weaker than normal, and for strong warm episodes it may actually reverse.
The increased heating of the tropical atmosphere over the central and eastern Pacific during warm episodes, affects atmospheric circulation features, such as the jet streams in the subtropics and in the temperate latitudes of the winter hemisphere. The jet streams over the eastern Pacific Ocean are stronger than normal during warm episodes (see seasonal atmospheric circulation features). Also, during warm episodes extratropical storms and frontal systems follow paths that are significantly different from normal, resulting in persistent temperature and precipitation anomalies in many regions.
By studying past warm episodes scientists have discovered precipitation and temperature anomaly patterns that are highly consistent from one episode to another. Significant departures from normal are shown in the accompanying figures for the Northern Hemisphere winter and summer seasons. Within the tropics, the eastward shift of thunderstorm activity from Indonesia into the central Pacific during warm episodes results in abnormally dry conditions over northern Australia, Indonesia and the Philippines in both seasons. Drier than normal conditions are also observed over southeastern Africa and northern Brazil, during the northern winter season. During the northern summer season, Indian monsoon rainfall tends to be less than normal, especially in northwest India where crops are adversely affected. Wetter than normal conditions during warm episodes are observed along the west coast of tropical South America, and at subtropical latitudes of North America (Gulf Coast) and South America (southern Brazil to central Argentina).
During a warm episode winter, mid-latitude low pressure systems tend to be more vigorous than normal in the region of the eastern North Pacific. These systems pump abnormally warm air into western Canada, Alaska and the extreme northern portion of the contiguous United States. Storms also tend to be more vigorous in the Gulf of Mexico and along the southeast coast of the United States resulting in wetter than normal conditions in that region.
ENSO Regions
ENSO Phases
Southern Oscillation Index
Running 3-Month Mean Oceanic Niño Index Values
El Nino | La Nina
| ENSO Index | Updated: | 8/9/2026 | |||||||||||
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | AVG |
| 1950 | -1.50 | -1.30 | -1.20 | -1.20 | -1.10 | -0.90 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.86 |
| 1951 | -0.80 | -0.50 | -0.20 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.44 |
| 1952 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.17 |
| 1953 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.71 |
| 1954 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 0.00 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.38 |
| 1955 | -0.70 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -1.10 | -1.40 | -1.70 | -1.50 | -0.95 |
| 1956 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.58 |
| 1957 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 0.96 |
| 1958 | 1.80 | 1.70 | 1.30 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.83 |
| 1959 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.20 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
| 1960 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| 1961 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.03 |
| 1962 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | 0.00 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.21 |
| 1963 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.30 | 0.66 |
| 1964 | 1.10 | 0.60 | 0.10 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.35 |
| 1965 | -0.60 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.90 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.70 | 0.90 |
| 1966 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | 0.38 |
| 1967 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.30 |
| 1968 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.60 | -0.40 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.14 |
| 1969 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.74 |
| 1970 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -0.33 |
| 1971 | -1.40 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.90 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.94 |
| 1972 | -0.70 | -0.40 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 0.93 |
| 1973 | 1.80 | 1.20 | 0.50 | -0.10 | -0.50 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -1.30 | -1.50 | -1.70 | -1.90 | -2.00 | -0.63 |
| 1974 | -1.80 | -1.60 | -1.20 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.88 |
| 1975 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -1.00 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -1.40 | -1.40 | -1.60 | -1.70 | -1.06 |
| 1976 | -1.60 | -1.20 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.30 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.80 | -0.05 |
| 1977 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.50 |
| 1978 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.00 | -0.10 |
| 1979 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.24 |
| 1980 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.00 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.26 |
| 1981 | -0.30 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.10 | -0.28 |
| 1982 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.60 | 2.00 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 1.01 |
| 1983 | 2.20 | 1.90 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.70 | 0.30 | -0.10 | -0.50 | -0.80 | -1.00 | -0.90 | 0.48 |
| 1984 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.60 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -0.49 |
| 1985 | -1.00 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.60 |
| 1986 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 0.24 |
| 1987 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.28 |
| 1988 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 0.10 | -0.30 | -0.90 | -1.30 | -1.30 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -1.50 | -1.80 | -1.80 | -0.82 |
| 1989 | -1.70 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.10 | -0.61 |
| 1990 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.31 |
| 1991 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 0.64 |
| 1992 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.64 |
| 1993 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
| 1994 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.48 |
| 1995 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.50 | -0.80 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -0.16 |
| 1996 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.47 |
| 1997 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.10 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 1.90 | 2.10 | 2.30 | 2.40 | 2.40 | 1.17 |
| 1998 | 2.20 | 1.90 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 0.50 | -0.10 | -0.80 | -1.10 | -1.30 | -1.40 | -1.50 | -1.60 | -0.07 |
| 1999 | -1.50 | -1.30 | -1.10 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -1.10 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -1.30 | -1.50 | -1.70 | -1.23 |
| 2000 | -1.70 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.83 |
| 2001 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 |
| 2002 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.63 |
| 2003 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.00 | -0.30 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.26 |
| 2004 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.46 |
| 2005 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.80 | 0.03 |
| 2006 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
| 2007 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.80 | -1.10 | -1.40 | -1.50 | -1.60 | -0.57 |
| 2008 | -1.60 | -1.40 | -1.20 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.76 |
| 2009 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 1.30 | 1.60 | 0.33 |
| 2010 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 0.90 | 0.40 | -0.10 | -0.60 | -1.00 | -1.40 | -1.60 | -1.70 | -1.70 | -1.60 | -0.47 |
| 2011 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.70 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -1.10 | -1.00 | -0.84 |
| 2012 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.13 |
| 2013 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.29 |
| 2014 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.13 |
| 2015 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.80 | 2.10 | 2.40 | 2.50 | 2.60 | 1.48 |
| 2016 | 2.50 | 2.20 | 1.70 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.60 | 0.36 |
| 2017 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.10 | -0.20 | -0.40 | -0.70 | -0.90 | -1.00 | -0.19 |
| 2018 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.03 |
| 2019 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.51 |
| 2020 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.20 | -0.10 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.90 | -1.20 | -1.30 | -1.20 | -0.37 |
| 2021 | -1.10 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.67 | -0.48 | -0.38 | -0.40 | -0.49 | -0.68 | -0.81 | -0.98 | -0.99 | -0.72 |
| 2022 | -1.00 | -0.94 | -1.00 | -1.07 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.90 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.94 |
| 2023 | -0.70 | -0.40 | -0.10 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.32 | 1.54 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.94 | 0.81 |
| 2024 | 1.78 | 1.48 | 1.14 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.04 | -0.11 | -0.21 | -0.26 | -0.37 | -0.52 | 0.35 |
| 2025 | -0.59 | -0.38 | -0.18 | -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.11 | -0.19 | -0.28 | -0.40 | 0.51 | -0.55 | -0.54 | -0.24 |
| 2026 | -0.94 | -0.79 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 0.98 | 1.40 | |||||||
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | |
| Data: | https://psl.noaa.gov/data/correlation/oni.data | ||||||||||||
| ENSO Index Showing ENSO State | |||||||||||||
| Based in this criteria | |||||||||||||
| Strong <-1.5 |
Moderate -1.0 to -1.4 |
Weak -0.5 to -0.9 |
Neutral -0.5 to 0.5 |
Weak 0.5 to 0.9 |
Moderate 1.0 to 1.4 |
Strong 1.5 to 1.9 |
Very Strong | ||||||
| Nina | Nino | Updated: | 8/9/2026 | ||||||||||
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | AVG |
| 1950 | -1.50 | -1.30 | -1.20 | -1.20 | -1.10 | -0.90 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.86 |
| 1951 | -0.80 | -0.50 | -0.20 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.44 |
| 1952 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.17 |
| 1953 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.71 |
| 1954 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 0.00 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.38 |
| 1955 | -0.70 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -1.10 | -1.40 | -1.70 | -1.50 | -0.95 |
| 1956 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.58 |
| 1957 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 0.96 |
| 1958 | 1.80 | 1.70 | 1.30 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.83 |
| 1959 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.20 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
| 1960 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
| 1961 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.03 |
| 1962 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | 0.00 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.21 |
| 1963 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.30 | 0.66 |
| 1964 | 1.10 | 0.60 | 0.10 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.35 |
| 1965 | -0.60 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.90 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 1.70 | 0.90 |
| 1966 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | 0.38 |
| 1967 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.30 |
| 1968 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.60 | -0.40 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.14 |
| 1969 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 0.74 |
| 1970 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -0.33 |
| 1971 | -1.40 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.90 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.94 |
| 1972 | -0.70 | -0.40 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 0.93 |
| 1973 | 1.80 | 1.20 | 0.50 | -0.10 | -0.50 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -1.30 | -1.50 | -1.70 | -1.90 | -2.00 | -0.63 |
| 1974 | -1.80 | -1.60 | -1.20 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.88 |
| 1975 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.80 | -1.00 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -1.40 | -1.40 | -1.60 | -1.70 | -1.06 |
| 1976 | -1.60 | -1.20 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.30 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 0.80 | -0.05 |
| 1977 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.50 |
| 1978 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.00 | -0.10 |
| 1979 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.24 |
| 1980 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.00 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.26 |
| 1981 | -0.30 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.10 | -0.28 |
| 1982 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.60 | 2.00 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 1.01 |
| 1983 | 2.20 | 1.90 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.70 | 0.30 | -0.10 | -0.50 | -0.80 | -1.00 | -0.90 | 0.48 |
| 1984 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.60 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -0.49 |
| 1985 | -1.00 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.60 |
| 1986 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 1.10 | 1.20 | 0.24 |
| 1987 | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.28 |
| 1988 | 0.80 | 0.50 | 0.10 | -0.30 | -0.90 | -1.30 | -1.30 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -1.50 | -1.80 | -1.80 | -0.82 |
| 1989 | -1.70 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.10 | -0.61 |
| 1990 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.31 |
| 1991 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 0.64 |
| 1992 | 1.70 | 1.60 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.70 | 0.40 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.64 |
| 1993 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.33 |
| 1994 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 1.10 | 0.48 |
| 1995 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.50 | -0.80 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -0.16 |
| 1996 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.47 |
| 1997 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.10 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 1.90 | 2.10 | 2.30 | 2.40 | 2.40 | 1.17 |
| 1998 | 2.20 | 1.90 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 0.50 | -0.10 | -0.80 | -1.10 | -1.30 | -1.40 | -1.50 | -1.60 | -0.07 |
| 1999 | -1.50 | -1.30 | -1.10 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -1.10 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -1.30 | -1.50 | -1.70 | -1.23 |
| 2000 | -1.70 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.60 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.50 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.83 |
| 2001 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.30 |
| 2002 | -0.10 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 0.63 |
| 2003 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.00 | -0.30 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.26 |
| 2004 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.46 |
| 2005 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.10 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.80 | 0.03 |
| 2006 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.30 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.09 |
| 2007 | 0.70 | 0.30 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.80 | -1.10 | -1.40 | -1.50 | -1.60 | -0.57 |
| 2008 | -1.60 | -1.40 | -1.20 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.76 |
| 2009 | -0.80 | -0.70 | -0.50 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 1.30 | 1.60 | 0.33 |
| 2010 | 1.50 | 1.30 | 0.90 | 0.40 | -0.10 | -0.60 | -1.00 | -1.40 | -1.60 | -1.70 | -1.70 | -1.60 | -0.47 |
| 2011 | -1.40 | -1.10 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.50 | -0.70 | -0.90 | -1.10 | -1.10 | -1.00 | -0.84 |
| 2012 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.50 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.00 | -0.20 | -0.13 |
| 2013 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.30 | -0.20 | -0.20 | -0.30 | -0.29 |
| 2014 | -0.40 | -0.40 | -0.20 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.70 | 0.13 |
| 2015 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 1.80 | 2.10 | 2.40 | 2.50 | 2.60 | 1.48 |
| 2016 | 2.50 | 2.20 | 1.70 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.00 | -0.30 | -0.60 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.70 | -0.60 | 0.36 |
| 2017 | -0.30 | -0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.10 | -0.20 | -0.40 | -0.70 | -0.90 | -1.00 | -0.19 |
| 2018 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.60 | -0.40 | -0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.70 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.03 |
| 2019 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.60 | 0.51 |
| 2020 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.20 | -0.10 | -0.30 | -0.40 | -0.60 | -0.90 | -1.20 | -1.30 | -1.20 | -0.37 |
| 2021 | -1.10 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.67 | -0.48 | -0.38 | -0.40 | -0.49 | -0.68 | -0.81 | -0.98 | -0.99 | -0.72 |
| 2022 | -1.00 | -0.94 | -1.00 | -1.07 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.90 | -1.00 | -1.00 | -0.90 | -0.80 | -0.94 |
| 2023 | -0.70 | -0.40 | -0.10 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 1.32 | 1.54 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.94 | 0.81 |
| 2024 | 1.78 | 1.48 | 1.14 | 0.71 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.04 | -0.11 | -0.21 | -0.26 | -0.37 | -0.52 | 0.35 |
| 2025 | -0.59 | -0.38 | -0.18 | -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.11 | -0.19 | -0.28 | -0.40 | 0.51 | -0.55 | -0.54 | -0.24 |
| 2026 | -0.94 | -0.79 | 0.13 | 0.51 | 0.98 | 1.40 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | |
As of February 1, 2026, the NCEP CPC has defined El Niño (La Niña) as a relative, positive (negative) mean SST anomaly of 0.5 degrees C or greater over 3 consecutive months in the Niño 3.4 region of the central Pacific Ocean (5 degrees N to 5 degrees S and 120 degrees W to 170 degrees W). This anomaly is computed by subtracting the average SST anomaly of the global tropics (20 degrees N to 20 degrees S) from the Niño 3.4 regional anomaly. After the subtraction, the relative index is rescaled to match the amplitude of the traditional index.
The Relative Oceanic Niño Index (RONI) is defined as the three month running average of the relative Niño 3.4 index. Historical El Niño and La Niña events will be categorized based on this index, specifically when there are five or more consecutive, overlapping three-month seasons where the RONI is greater than 0.5C (El Niño) or less than -0.5C (La Niña). The RONI is visually very similar to the traditional ONI, so users can use it in the same way as they would the traditional ONI.
This proposed change will have two primary benefits for ENSO monitoring and prediction:
- The relative sea surface temperature index better identifies current and past El Niño and La Niña events because it is less sensitive to the chosen base climatology period. This allows for comparison of events across the lengthy climate record.
- A relative index is more related to changes in rainfall over the tropical Pacific than the traditional index. Over the past year, the relative SST index was better aligned with the intensity of rainfall anomalies and circulation changes associated with the ENSO phenomenon. It is the change in tropical rainfall and heating that ultimately drives the subseasonal to seasonal variations we see in the midlatitudes and over the United States.
Because of this change, I will display the orignal index as well as the new RONI Index.
| RONI Index | Updated: | 8/9/2026 | |||||||||||
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | AVG |
| 1950 | -1.58 | -1.26 | -0.96 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -0.68 | -0.26 | -0.29 | -0.16 | -0.21 | -0.49 | -0.52 | -0.73 |
| 1951 | -0.66 | -0.32 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.77 | 0.55 |
| 1952 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.53 | 0.43 | -0.02 | -0.19 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.09 | -0.26 | 0.13 | 0.19 |
| 1953 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.77 |
| 1954 | 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.21 | -0.68 | -0.11 | -0.22 | -0.44 | 0.71 | -0.96 | -0.78 | -0.38 | 0.89 | 0.02 |
| 1955 | 0.89 | 0.21 | -0.68 | -0.11 | -0.22 | -0.44 | -0.81 | 0.73 | -0.78 | -0.38 | -0.54 | 0.21 | -0.16 |
| 1956 | -0.55 | -0.29 | -0.10 | -0.19 | 0.12 | -0.08 | -0.29 | -0.47 | -0.22 | -0.24 | -0.53 | -0.33 | -0.26 |
| 1957 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.76 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.32 | 1.23 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.46 | 1.85 | 1.07 |
| 1958 | 2.31 | 1.90 | 1.43 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.84 |
| 1959 | 1.01 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.08 | -0.45 | -0.34 | -0.43 | -0.09 | -0.26 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| 1960 | 0.17 | -0.09 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.13 | -0.01 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.01 | 0.07 |
| 1961 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.04 | -0.06 | 0.32 | 0.50 | 0.20 | -0.11 | -0.37 | -0.48 | -0.08 | -0.15 | 0.00 |
| 1962 | -0.14 | -0.11 | -0.02 | -0.22 | -0.42 | -0.14 | -0.08 | -0.11 | -0.35 | -0.30 | -0.56 | -0.51 | -0.25 |
| 1963 | -0.42 | -0.20 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.46 | 0.59 |
| 1964 | 1.17 | 0.76 | 0.12 | -0.57 | -0.65 | -0.68 | -0.45 | -0.64 | -0.78 | -0.74 | -0.76 | -0.62 | -0.32 |
| 1965 | -0.17 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 1.09 | 1.31 | 1.75 | 1.95 | 2.12 | 2.02 | 1.98 | 1.10 |
| 1966 | 1.70 | 1.27 | 1.59 | 0.92 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.04 | -0.05 | -0.06 | -0.11 | -0.20 | 0.50 |
| 1967 | -0.20 | -0.12 | -0.28 | -0.78 | -0.12 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.26 | -0.26 | -0.07 | 0.10 | 0.02 | -0.07 |
| 1968 | -0.16 | -0.50 | -0.34 | -0.10 | -0.13 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 0.30 |
| 1969 | 1.25 | 1.42 | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.48 | 0.75 | 0.94 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.66 |
| 1970 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.04 | -0.27 | -0.65 | -0.82 | -0.61 | -0.63 | -0.66 | -0.80 | -0.27 |
| 1971 | -1.28 | -1.02 | -0.77 | -0.69 | -0.34 | -0.40 | -0.48 | -0.44 | -0.39 | -0.57 | -0.48 | -0.50 | -0.61 |
| 1972 | -0.42 | -0.01 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.30 | 1.51 | 1.67 | 1.92 | 2.29 | 2.41 | 1.16 |
| 1973 | 2.09 | 1.56 | 0.54 | -0.44 | -0.86 | -0.99 | -1.34 | -1.39 | -1.46 | -1.78 | -2.15 | -1.92 | -0.68 |
| 1974 | -1.57 | -1.12 | -0.88 | -0.86 | -0.84 | -0.67 | -0.41 | -0.03 | -0.13 | -0.39 | -0.57 | -0.39 | -0.66 |
| 1975 | 0.22 | -0.07 | -0.53 | -0.35 | -0.54 | -0.94 | -0.85 | -0.94 | -1.04 | -1.18 | -0.87 | -1.18 | -0.69 |
| 1976 | -1.31 | -0.58 | -0.06 | -0.27 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 1.16 | 0.99 | 0.29 |
| 1977 | 1.24 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 1.21 | 0.70 |
| 1978 | 0.98 | 0.63 | 0.17 | -0.40 | -0.32 | -0.37 | -0.20 | -0.39 | -0.25 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.03 |
| 1979 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.03 | -0.08 | -0.19 | 0.21 | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.73 | 0.24 |
| 1980 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.51 | 0.20 | -0.13 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.25 |
| 1981 | -0.03 | -0.33 | -0.43 | -0.25 | -0.32 | -0.19 | -0.39 | -0.19 | 0.05 | -0.21 | -0.31 | -0.05 | -0.22 |
| 1982 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 1.11 | 1.91 | 2.41 | 2.32 | 2.56 | 1.20 |
| 1983 | 2.69 | 2.22 | 1.69 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 0.60 | -0.08 | -0.22 | -0.43 | -1.12 | -1.26 | -1.03 | 0.46 |
| 1984 | -0.59 | 0.00 | -0.46 | -0.59 | -0.50 | -0.62 | -0.17 | 0.11 | -0.16 | -0.40 | -0.98 | -1.10 | -0.46 |
| 1985 | -0.91 | -0.46 | -0.45 | -0.92 | -0.69 | -0.53 | -0.38 | -0.15 | -0.38 | -0.11 | -0.05 | -0.12 | -0.43 |
| 1986 | -0.35 | -0.55 | -0.10 | 0.02 | -0.28 | -0.03 | 0.15 | 0.67 | 0.91 | 1.16 | 1.37 | 1.56 | 0.38 |
| 1987 | 1.54 | 1.59 | 1.30 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 1.06 | 1.37 | 1.59 | 1.68 | 1.18 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1.23 |
| 1988 | 0.88 | 0.11 | -0.09 | -0.66 | -1.52 | -1.94 | -1.80 | -1.19 | -0.96 | -1.94 | -2.00 | -1.87 | -1.08 |
| 1989 | -1.89 | -1.34 | -1.03 | -0.92 | -0.60 | -0.28 | -0.41 | -0.36 | -0.13 | -0.23 | -0.29 | 0.08 | -0.62 |
| 1990 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.55 | 0.32 |
| 1991 | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 1.24 | 1.63 | 2.22 | 0.87 |
| 1992 | 2.39 | 2.34 | 1.99 | 1.79 | 1.41 | 0.84 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.18 | -0.05 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 1.00 |
| 1993 | 0.48 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.59 |
| 1994 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 1.02 | 1.40 | 1.61 | 0.78 |
| 1995 | 1.29 | 0.90 | 0.66 | 0.47 | -0.02 | -0.15 | -0.21 | -0.59 | -0.79 | -0.82 | -1.13 | -0.91 | -0.11 |
| 1996 | -0.79 | -0.91 | -0.61 | -0.35 | -0.21 | -0.33 | -0.32 | -0.06 | -0.35 | -0.27 | -0.20 | -0.43 | -0.40 |
| 1997 | -0.25 | -0.06 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.98 | 1.33 | 1.71 | 2.04 | 2.26 | 2.44 | 2.43 | 2.22 | 1.31 |
| 1998 | 2.37 | 1.89 | 1.19 | 0.67 | 0.45 | -0.69 | -1.25 | -1.56 | -1.40 | -1.60 | -1.56 | -1.73 | -0.27 |
| 1999 | -1.65 | -1.26 | -0.93 | -1.07 | -1.00 | -0.96 | -1.00 | -1.01 | -0.89 | -1.02 | -1.43 | -1.70 | -1.16 |
| 2000 | -1.73 | -1.58 | -0.90 | -0.78 | -0.66 | -0.44 | -0.39 | -0.30 | -0.43 | -0.62 | -0.68 | -0.77 | -0.77 |
| 2001 | -0.60 | -0.53 | -0.50 | -0.55 | -0.32 | -0.14 | 0.07 | 0.05 | -0.12 | -0.07 | -0.31 | -0.37 | -0.28 |
| 2002 | -0.11 | 0.05 | -0.02 | -0.01 | 0.35 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 1.60 | 1.41 | 0.73 |
| 2003 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.31 | -0.25 | -0.74 | -0.30 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.13 |
| 2004 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.49 |
| 2005 | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.05 | -0.26 | -0.09 | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.55 | -0.98 | 0.00 |
| 2006 | -1.01 | -0.80 | -0.83 | -0.33 | -0.09 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 1.14 | 0.06 |
| 2007 | 0.65 | 0.02 | -0.19 | -0.37 | -0.51 | -0.43 | -0.64 | -0.69 | -1.11 | -1.35 | -1.39 | -1.49 | -0.63 |
| 2008 | -1.64 | -1.67 | -1.16 | -0.95 | -0.75 | -0.57 | -0.19 | -0.12 | -0.32 | -0.40 | -0.47 | -0.94 | -0.77 |
| 2009 | -0.97 | -0.78 | -0.80 | -0.44 | -0.03 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.80 | 1.48 | 1.75 | 0.19 |
| 2010 | 1.47 | 1.14 | 0.72 | 0.06 | -0.62 | -1.04 | -1.30 | -1.52 | -1.71 | -1.81 | -1.69 | -1.65 | -0.66 |
| 2011 | -1.53 | -1.11 | -0.92 | -0.73 | -0.43 | -0.28 | -0.30 | -0.56 | -0.67 | -0.99 | -1.16 | -1.01 | -0.81 |
| 2012 | -0.81 | -0.64 | -0.51 | -0.54 | -0.36 | 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.06 | -0.48 | -0.14 |
| 2013 | -0.70 | -0.72 | -0.40 | -0.38 | -0.52 | -0.42 | -0.35 | -0.39 | -0.22 | -0.24 | -0.21 | -0.23 | -0.40 |
| 2014 | -0.56 | -0.69 | -0.33 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.00 | -0.21 | -0.19 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.65 | 0.61 | -0.01 |
| 2015 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 1.03 | 1.25 | 1.72 | 1.95 | 2.12 | 2.48 | 2.41 | 1.29 |
| 2016 | 2.20 | 2.06 | 1.27 | 0.51 | -0.16 | -0.55 | -0.97 | -1.05 | -0.98 | -1.17 | -1.17 | -0.90 | -0.08 |
| 2017 | -0.89 | -0.43 | -0.32 | -0.07 | 0.13 | 0.10 | -0.06 | -0.55 | -0.77 | -0.88 | -1.34 | -1.24 | -0.53 |
| 2018 | -1.21 | -0.92 | -1.00 | -0.71 | -0.29 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.74 | -0.11 |
| 2019 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.19 | 0.09 | -0.20 | -0.18 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.27 |
| 2020 | 0.20 | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.11 | -0.80 | -0.77 | -0.70 | -0.97 | -1.13 | -1.58 | -1.70 | -1.36 | -0.74 |
| 2021 | -1.06 | -1.12 | -0.94 | -0.88 | -0.56 | -0.39 | -0.60 | -0.78 | -0.77 | -1.21 | -1.21 | -1.28 | -0.90 |
| 2022 | -1.23 | -1.13 | -1.29 | -1.43 | -1.31 | -0.93 | -0.72 | -1.07 | -1.23 | -1.11 | -1.01 | -1.02 | -1.12 |
| 2023 | -0.87 | -0.61 | -0.39 | -0.32 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.84 | 1.15 | 1.31 | 1.59 | 1.57 | 0.45 |
| 2024 | 1.19 | 0.83 | 0.53 | 0.10 | -0.47 | -0.41 | -0.49 | -0.63 | -0.79 | -0.86 | -0.81 | -1.14 | -0.25 |
| 2025 | -1.29 | -0.98 | -0.44 | -0.59 | -0.54 | -0.33 | -0.41 | -0.69 | -0.81 | -0.81 | -0.99 | -0.99 | -0.74 |
| 2026 | -0.94 | -0.72 | -0.46 | -0.18 | 0.53 | 1.06 | |||||||
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | |
| Data: | https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/Rnino34.ascii.txt | ||||||||||||
| RONI Index Showing ENSO State | |||||||||||||
| Based in this criteria | |||||||||||||
| Strong <-1.5 |
Moderate -1.0 to -1.4 |
Weak -0.5 to -0.9 |
Neutral -0.5 to 0.5 |
Weak 0.5 to 0.9 |
Moderate 1.0 to 1.4 |
Strong 1.5 to 1.9 |
Very Strong | ||||||
| Nina | Nino | Updated: | 8/9/2026 | ||||||||||
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | AVG |
| 1950 | -1.58 | -1.26 | -0.96 | -1.10 | -1.20 | -0.68 | -0.26 | -0.29 | -0.16 | -0.21 | -0.49 | -0.52 | -0.73 |
| 1951 | -0.66 | -0.32 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.72 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.77 | 0.55 |
| 1952 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.35 | 0.53 | 0.43 | -0.02 | -0.19 | 0.08 | 0.21 | 0.09 | -0.26 | 0.13 | 0.19 |
| 1953 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.99 | 0.77 |
| 1954 | 1.08 | 0.89 | 0.21 | -0.68 | -0.11 | -0.22 | -0.44 | 0.71 | -0.96 | -0.78 | -0.38 | 0.89 | 0.02 |
| 1955 | 0.89 | 0.21 | -0.68 | -0.11 | -0.22 | -0.44 | -0.81 | 0.73 | -0.78 | -0.38 | -0.54 | 0.21 | -0.16 |
| 1956 | -0.55 | -0.29 | -0.10 | -0.19 | 0.12 | -0.08 | -0.29 | -0.47 | -0.22 | -0.24 | -0.53 | -0.33 | -0.26 |
| 1957 | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.76 | 1.07 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 1.32 | 1.23 | 1.22 | 1.23 | 1.46 | 1.85 | 1.07 |
| 1958 | 2.31 | 1.90 | 1.43 | 0.88 | 0.90 | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.84 |
| 1959 | 1.01 | 0.85 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.17 | 0.08 | -0.45 | -0.34 | -0.43 | -0.09 | -0.26 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
| 1960 | 0.17 | -0.09 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.13 | -0.01 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.02 | -0.01 | 0.07 |
| 1961 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.04 | -0.06 | 0.32 | 0.50 | 0.20 | -0.11 | -0.37 | -0.48 | -0.08 | -0.15 | 0.00 |
| 1962 | -0.14 | -0.11 | -0.02 | -0.22 | -0.42 | -0.14 | -0.08 | -0.11 | -0.35 | -0.30 | -0.56 | -0.51 | -0.25 |
| 1963 | -0.42 | -0.20 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.31 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 1.09 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 1.46 | 0.59 |
| 1964 | 1.17 | 0.76 | 0.12 | -0.57 | -0.65 | -0.68 | -0.45 | -0.64 | -0.78 | -0.74 | -0.76 | -0.62 | -0.32 |
| 1965 | -0.17 | 0.03 | 0.34 | 0.08 | 0.70 | 1.09 | 1.31 | 1.75 | 1.95 | 2.12 | 2.02 | 1.98 | 1.10 |
| 1966 | 1.70 | 1.27 | 1.59 | 0.92 | 0.10 | 0.35 | 0.41 | 0.04 | -0.05 | -0.06 | -0.11 | -0.20 | 0.50 |
| 1967 | -0.20 | -0.12 | -0.28 | -0.78 | -0.12 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.26 | -0.26 | -0.07 | 0.10 | 0.02 | -0.07 |
| 1968 | -0.16 | -0.50 | -0.34 | -0.10 | -0.13 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 0.30 |
| 1969 | 1.25 | 1.42 | 0.72 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.48 | 0.75 | 0.94 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.66 |
| 1970 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.05 | 0.25 | 0.04 | -0.27 | -0.65 | -0.82 | -0.61 | -0.63 | -0.66 | -0.80 | -0.27 |
| 1971 | -1.28 | -1.02 | -0.77 | -0.69 | -0.34 | -0.40 | -0.48 | -0.44 | -0.39 | -0.57 | -0.48 | -0.50 | -0.61 |
| 1972 | -0.42 | -0.01 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.30 | 1.51 | 1.67 | 1.92 | 2.29 | 2.41 | 1.16 |
| 1973 | 2.09 | 1.56 | 0.54 | -0.44 | -0.86 | -0.99 | -1.34 | -1.39 | -1.46 | -1.78 | -2.15 | -1.92 | -0.68 |
| 1974 | -1.57 | -1.12 | -0.88 | -0.86 | -0.84 | -0.67 | -0.41 | -0.03 | -0.13 | -0.39 | -0.57 | -0.39 | -0.66 |
| 1975 | 0.22 | -0.07 | -0.53 | -0.35 | -0.54 | -0.94 | -0.85 | -0.94 | -1.04 | -1.18 | -0.87 | -1.18 | -0.69 |
| 1976 | -1.31 | -0.58 | -0.06 | -0.27 | 0.00 | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.68 | 0.88 | 1.25 | 1.16 | 0.99 | 0.29 |
| 1977 | 1.24 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.37 | 0.51 | 0.38 | 0.84 | 1.11 | 0.95 | 1.21 | 0.70 |
| 1978 | 0.98 | 0.63 | 0.17 | -0.40 | -0.32 | -0.37 | -0.20 | -0.39 | -0.25 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.03 |
| 1979 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.03 | -0.08 | -0.19 | 0.21 | 0.58 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.73 | 0.24 |
| 1980 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.51 | 0.20 | -0.13 | -0.05 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.38 | 0.25 |
| 1981 | -0.03 | -0.33 | -0.43 | -0.25 | -0.32 | -0.19 | -0.39 | -0.19 | 0.05 | -0.21 | -0.31 | -0.05 | -0.22 |
| 1982 | 0.37 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 1.11 | 1.91 | 2.41 | 2.32 | 2.56 | 1.20 |
| 1983 | 2.69 | 2.22 | 1.69 | 1.23 | 1.19 | 0.60 | -0.08 | -0.22 | -0.43 | -1.12 | -1.26 | -1.03 | 0.46 |
| 1984 | -0.59 | 0.00 | -0.46 | -0.59 | -0.50 | -0.62 | -0.17 | 0.11 | -0.16 | -0.40 | -0.98 | -1.10 | -0.46 |
| 1985 | -0.91 | -0.46 | -0.45 | -0.92 | -0.69 | -0.53 | -0.38 | -0.15 | -0.38 | -0.11 | -0.05 | -0.12 | -0.43 |
| 1986 | -0.35 | -0.55 | -0.10 | 0.02 | -0.28 | -0.03 | 0.15 | 0.67 | 0.91 | 1.16 | 1.37 | 1.56 | 0.38 |
| 1987 | 1.54 | 1.59 | 1.30 | 0.89 | 0.71 | 1.06 | 1.37 | 1.59 | 1.68 | 1.18 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1.23 |
| 1988 | 0.88 | 0.11 | -0.09 | -0.66 | -1.52 | -1.94 | -1.80 | -1.19 | -0.96 | -1.94 | -2.00 | -1.87 | -1.08 |
| 1989 | -1.89 | -1.34 | -1.03 | -0.92 | -0.60 | -0.28 | -0.41 | -0.36 | -0.13 | -0.23 | -0.29 | 0.08 | -0.62 |
| 1990 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.55 | 0.32 |
| 1991 | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 1.24 | 1.63 | 2.22 | 0.87 |
| 1992 | 2.39 | 2.34 | 1.99 | 1.79 | 1.41 | 0.84 | 0.44 | 0.33 | 0.18 | -0.05 | 0.07 | 0.22 | 1.00 |
| 1993 | 0.48 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.63 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.36 | 0.59 |
| 1994 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.90 | 1.02 | 1.40 | 1.61 | 0.78 |
| 1995 | 1.29 | 0.90 | 0.66 | 0.47 | -0.02 | -0.15 | -0.21 | -0.59 | -0.79 | -0.82 | -1.13 | -0.91 | -0.11 |
| 1996 | -0.79 | -0.91 | -0.61 | -0.35 | -0.21 | -0.33 | -0.32 | -0.06 | -0.35 | -0.27 | -0.20 | -0.43 | -0.40 |
| 1997 | -0.25 | -0.06 | 0.03 | 0.54 | 0.98 | 1.33 | 1.71 | 2.04 | 2.26 | 2.44 | 2.43 | 2.22 | 1.31 |
| 1998 | 2.37 | 1.89 | 1.19 | 0.67 | 0.45 | -0.69 | -1.25 | -1.56 | -1.40 | -1.60 | -1.56 | -1.73 | -0.27 |
| 1999 | -1.65 | -1.26 | -0.93 | -1.07 | -1.00 | -0.96 | -1.00 | -1.01 | -0.89 | -1.02 | -1.43 | -1.70 | -1.16 |
| 2000 | -1.73 | -1.58 | -0.90 | -0.78 | -0.66 | -0.44 | -0.39 | -0.30 | -0.43 | -0.62 | -0.68 | -0.77 | -0.77 |
| 2001 | -0.60 | -0.53 | -0.50 | -0.55 | -0.32 | -0.14 | 0.07 | 0.05 | -0.12 | -0.07 | -0.31 | -0.37 | -0.28 |
| 2002 | -0.11 | 0.05 | -0.02 | -0.01 | 0.35 | 0.77 | 0.87 | 1.07 | 1.31 | 1.41 | 1.60 | 1.41 | 0.73 |
| 2003 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.31 | -0.25 | -0.74 | -0.30 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.44 | 0.13 |
| 2004 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.40 | 0.68 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.49 |
| 2005 | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.05 | -0.26 | -0.09 | 0.00 | 0.02 | -0.55 | -0.98 | 0.00 |
| 2006 | -1.01 | -0.80 | -0.83 | -0.33 | -0.09 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.97 | 1.14 | 0.06 |
| 2007 | 0.65 | 0.02 | -0.19 | -0.37 | -0.51 | -0.43 | -0.64 | -0.69 | -1.11 | -1.35 | -1.39 | -1.49 | -0.63 |
| 2008 | -1.64 | -1.67 | -1.16 | -0.95 | -0.75 | -0.57 | -0.19 | -0.12 | -0.32 | -0.40 | -0.47 | -0.94 | -0.77 |
| 2009 | -0.97 | -0.78 | -0.80 | -0.44 | -0.03 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.80 | 1.48 | 1.75 | 0.19 |
| 2010 | 1.47 | 1.14 | 0.72 | 0.06 | -0.62 | -1.04 | -1.30 | -1.52 | -1.71 | -1.81 | -1.69 | -1.65 | -0.66 |
| 2011 | -1.53 | -1.11 | -0.92 | -0.73 | -0.43 | -0.28 | -0.30 | -0.56 | -0.67 | -0.99 | -1.16 | -1.01 | -0.81 |
| 2012 | -0.81 | -0.64 | -0.51 | -0.54 | -0.36 | 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.06 | -0.48 | -0.14 |
| 2013 | -0.70 | -0.72 | -0.40 | -0.38 | -0.52 | -0.42 | -0.35 | -0.39 | -0.22 | -0.24 | -0.21 | -0.23 | -0.40 |
| 2014 | -0.56 | -0.69 | -0.33 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.00 | -0.21 | -0.19 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.65 | 0.61 | -0.01 |
| 2015 | 0.42 | 0.31 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 0.80 | 1.03 | 1.25 | 1.72 | 1.95 | 2.12 | 2.48 | 2.41 | 1.29 |
| 2016 | 2.20 | 2.06 | 1.27 | 0.51 | -0.16 | -0.55 | -0.97 | -1.05 | -0.98 | -1.17 | -1.17 | -0.90 | -0.08 |
| 2017 | -0.89 | -0.43 | -0.32 | -0.07 | 0.13 | 0.10 | -0.06 | -0.55 | -0.77 | -0.88 | -1.34 | -1.24 | -0.53 |
| 2018 | -1.21 | -0.92 | -1.00 | -0.71 | -0.29 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.74 | -0.11 |
| 2019 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.19 | 0.09 | -0.20 | -0.18 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.27 |
| 2020 | 0.20 | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.11 | -0.80 | -0.77 | -0.70 | -0.97 | -1.13 | -1.58 | -1.70 | -1.36 | -0.74 |
| 2021 | -1.06 | -1.12 | -0.94 | -0.88 | -0.56 | -0.39 | -0.60 | -0.78 | -0.77 | -1.21 | -1.21 | -1.28 | -0.90 |
| 2022 | -1.23 | -1.13 | -1.29 | -1.43 | -1.31 | -0.93 | -0.72 | -1.07 | -1.23 | -1.11 | -1.01 | -1.02 | -1.12 |
| 2023 | -0.87 | -0.61 | -0.39 | -0.32 | 0.08 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.84 | 1.15 | 1.31 | 1.59 | 1.57 | 0.45 |
| 2024 | 1.19 | 0.83 | 0.53 | 0.10 | -0.47 | -0.41 | -0.49 | -0.63 | -0.79 | -0.86 | -0.81 | -1.14 | -0.25 |
| 2025 | -1.29 | -0.98 | -0.44 | -0.59 | -0.54 | -0.33 | -0.41 | -0.69 | -0.81 | -0.81 | -0.99 | -0.99 | -0.74 |
| 2026 | -0.94 | -0.72 | -0.46 | -0.18 | 0.53 | 1.06 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| Year | DJF | JFM | FMA | MAM | AMJ | MJJ | JJA | JAS | ASO | SON | OND | NDJ | |
| Data: | https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/indices/Rnino34.ascii.txt | ||||||||||||
Historical ENSO Chart from Golden Gate Weather Service
Influence of ENSO on Tornado and Hail Frequency
A paper published in Nature Geoscience in April 2015 by John Allen, Michael Tippett, and Adam Sobel examines the influence of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—a natural climate cycle that periodically cools and warms different parts of the tropical Pacific Ocean—on hail and tornadoes that strike the contiguous United States during winter and spring. These maps are adapted from the that paper, and show tornado and hail frequencies for the spring months (March-May) during El Nino (left column) and La Nina (right) states.
In these maps, purple indicates higher storm event frequency, and brown indicates lower storm event frequency. Specifics vary, but in general, springtime tornadoes and hailstorms are less frequent in the southern central United States during El Nino, and more frequent during La Niña.
Influence of ENSO on Hurricane and Typhoon Formation
During El Niño, the area of tropical Pacific convection and its associated Hadley circulation expand eastward from the western Pacific, sometimes extending to the west coast of South America. (A tutorial on El Nino and La Ninacan be foundat the NOAA Climate Prediction Center website.) At the same time, the equatorial Walker circulationis weaker than average.
These conditions produce an anomalous upper-level, ridge-trough pattern in the subtropics, with an amplified ridge over the subtropical Pacific in the area north of the enhanced convection, and a downstream trough over the Caribbean Sea and western tropical Atlantic. Over the central and eastern Pacific, the enhanced subtropical ridge is associated with weaker upper-level winds and reduced vertical wind shear, which favors more hurricane activity.
Over the Atlantic basin, the amplified trough is associated with stronger upper-level westerly winds and stronger lower-level easterly trade winds, both of which increase the vertical wind shear and suppress hurricane activity. In addition to enhanced vertical wind shear, El Nino suppresses Atlantic hurricane activity by increasing the amount of sinking motion and increasing the atmospheric stability.
La Niña has opposite impacts across the Pacific and Atlantic basins. During La Nina, the area of tropical convection and its Hadley circulation is retracted westward to the western Pacific and Indonesia, and the equatorial Walker circulation is enhanced. Convection is typically absent across the eastern half of the equatorial Pacific.
In the upper atmosphere, these conditions produce an amplified trough over the subtropical Pacific in the area north of the suppressed convection, and a downstream ridge over the Caribbean Sea and western tropical Atlantic. Over the central and eastern subtropical Pacific, the enhanced trough is associated with stronger upper-level winds and stronger vertical wind shear, which suppress hurricane activity. Over the Atlantic basin, the anomalous upper-level ridge is associated with weaker upper- and lower- level winds, both of which reduce the vertical wind shear and increased hurricane activity. La Nina also favors increased Atlantic hurricane activity by decreasing the amount of sinking motion and decreasing the atmospheric stability.
Nino's and Hurricanes
Nina's and Hurricanes
Multivariate ENSO Index
The multivariate ENSO index, abbreviated as MEI, is a method used to characterize the intensity of an Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Given that ENSO arises from a complex interaction of a variety of climate systems, MEI is regarded as the most comprehensive index for monitoring ENSO since it combines analysis of multiple meteorological and oceanographic components.
CFSv2 ENSO Region Forecast
The following images are from the CFSv2 model from the NWS/NCEP/CPC
ENSO Strength Probabilities
ENSO Probabilities
SST Anomaly Forecast
SST Standardized Anomaly Forecast
SST Forecast
Weekly Sea Surface Temps - Pacific
Nino Sea Temperature Anomalies - Pacific
12 Week Sea Surface Temps - Pacific
12 Week Sea Surface Temp Anomaly - Pacific
Equatorial Sea Temp by Depth
Equatorial Sea Temp Anomalies by Depth
850mb Wind Anomalies (~4,800 feet)
200mb Wind Anomalies (~39,000 feet)
Mean and Anomalous Equatorial Temperatures
Pentad Mean and Anomalous OLR
Time-longitude section of anomalous OLR
Pentad Sea Level Anomalies
Water Volume and Anomalies
Effects of Nino and Nina's on Seasonal Weather
These maps illustrate the typical impacts of El Niño and La Niña on U.S. winter weather. During La Niña, the Pacific jet stream often meanders high into the North Pacific and and is less reliable across the southern tier of the United States. Southern and interior Alaska and the Pacific Northwest tend to be cooler and wetter than average, and the southern tier of U.S. states—from California to the Carolinas—tends to be warmer and drier than average. Farther north, the Ohio and Upper Mississippi River Valleys may be wetter than usual. During El Niño, these deviations from the average are approximately (but not exactly) reversed.
"General" El Nino Effects on Temperatures
"General" La Nina Effects on Precipitation
Temperature and Precipitation Anomalies based on past ENSO Years
The next four charts depict the temperatures and precipitation based on the intensity of the past Nino/Nina years. The strength of the state of the ENSO for that season goes from the top, left to right, top to bottom, with the strongest at top left and weakest at the last image at the bottom.
El Nino Effects on Temperatures
El Nino Effects on Precipitation
La Nina Effects on Temperatures
La Nina Effects on Precipitation
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